Grammar

Connotation and Denotation

Modifiers

Squinting modifiers

Participles

Irony (Situational, Dramatic, Socratic, Verbal)

Allusion

Types of Conflict

Themes & Conflict in Literature - (list)

Types of Conflict (The Big Four)

Different Kinds of Conflict in Literature

Active/Passive Voice

 

Verb Mood (indicative, imperative, conditional, interrogative, subjunctive)

 

Theme 

Tone and Mood

Author's Purpose

Sentence Variety (simple, complex, compound, compound-complex)

Verbals (Participles, Infinitives, Gerunds)

 

Participle (Main Verb in a Verb Phrase): The student is kicking the desk in front of him.

Participle (Adjective): The kicked ball soared through the sky.

Participial Phrase: Slipping on the ice, Tommy broke his left leg.

 

Gerund Phrase (Subject): Kicking a soccer ball creates excitement in the fans.

Gerund Phrase (Direct Object): The fans enjoy screaming at the action.

Gerund Phrase (Object of Preposition): The fans keep note of the action by watching the game.

 

Infinitive Phrase (Subject): To watch the game requires a lot of attention.

Infinitive Phrase (Direct Object): I love to watch sports on television.

Plot Vs. Subplot- Plot and Subplot-

 

Explicit Vs. Implicit

 

Textual Evidence

 

Written Vs. Film Versions

 

Figurative Language

Simile

Metaphor

Hyperbole

Onomatopoeia

Alliteration

Assonance/Consonance

Personification

 

Run On Sentences - 

Punctuation

Semicolon - 

Colon

Dash  - 

Hyphen & Ellipsis

Comma Placement - 

Subordinating and coordinating Conjunctions

 

Notes on how dependent (subordinate) clauses function

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Dependent (subordinate) clauses can function in three ways:

as adjectives

[that, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, what]

as adverbs

[after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever]

as nouns

[how, however, that, what, whatever, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, why, when]

Compound-Complex Notes

ELA8C1. The student demonstrates understanding and control of the rules of the English language, realizing that usage involves the appropriate application of conventions and grammar in both written and spoken formats. The student

Uses simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences correctly, punctuates properly, and avoids fragments and run-ons.

Revises sentences by correcting errors in usage.

Analyzes the structure of a sentence (basic sentence parts).

 

How do I identify compound-complex sentences?

What is a complex sentence?

What is the difference between an independent (main) clause and a dependent (subordinate) clause?

 

B.R.

Write 2 simple sentences (simple subject and predicate) using the same subject.

Ex: Tommy walked the dog. Tommy was home for dinner. 

Now, join them together using the coordinating conjunction and.

Ex: Tommy walked the dog, and he was home for dinner.

What type of sentence is this?

How can we make this into a compound-complex sentence?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In order to write compound-complex sentences, we must understand the difference between independent and dependent clauses.

 

Partners: Discuss and record the definitions of independent and dependent clauses as discussed in prior lessons. Provide an example of each.

independent clause:

example:

 

dependent clause:

example:

 

 

To write a compound-complex sentence you simply construct a sentence that has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Rewrite your compound sentence from the Bell Ringer activity at the beginning of class with a dependent clause added to the beginning.

 

Begin your dependent clause with one of the following:

as adjectives

[that, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, what]

 

as adverbs

[after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever]

 

as nouns

[how, however, that, what, whatever, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, why, when]

 

Example: Although Tommy was stressed for time, he walked the dog, and he was home for dinner.

 

Write your own compound-complex sentence. Have your partner underline the two independent (main) clauses and circle the dependent clause.

 

Try This:

Underline the independent clauses and circle the dependent clauses.

1. We enlarged our house, and after we had finished the work, we moved to Hawaii and never returned.

2. The vacation should be restful, but many people take vacations that are never restful.

3. James said that will be enough, and everyone agreed.

4. Dad went fishing, but Mom stayed home because she wanted to be there when Terri arrived.

 

Sentence V. Fragment Notes

ELA8C1. The student demonstrates understanding and control of the rules of the English language, realizing that usage involves the appropriate application of conventions and grammar in both written and spoken formats. The student

Uses simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences correctly, punctuates properly, and avoids fragments and run-ons.

Revises sentences by correcting errors in usage.

Analyzes the structure of a sentence (basic sentence parts).

What is the difference between a sentence and a sentence fragment? (p. 361-362)

What is a complete sentence?

What is a sentence fragment?

B.R.

Analyze these two quotes from Edgar Allen Poe’s The Raven. Pick out the one that is a complete thought.

Ghaslty grim and ancient Raven wandering from the Nightly shore-

Quoth the Raven, “Nevermore.”

What is a complete sentence?

--Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate

Complete Sentence

Emily Dickenson

wrote poetry.

Subject

Predicate

 

--The subject of the sentence names whom or what the sentence is about. (Emily Dickenson-whom)

--The predicate of the sentence tells what the subject does or has. It can also describe what the subject is or is like. (wrote poetry-does)

FYI: A sentence must have both a subject and a predicate. It must also express a complete thought.

TIP: A good way to identify the subject is first to identify the verb. Then ask a who or what question using the verb. For example, the verb in the sentence Emily Dickenson kept her unpublished poems in her attic is easy to find: kept. Even though there are several nouns in the sentence, only one answers the question, Who kept? Thus, Emily Dickenson is the subject of the sentence.

What is a sentence fragment?

--A sentence fragment does not express a complete thought. It may also be missing a subject, a predicate, or both.

--You typically use fragments when you talk to your friends, etc. Some narratives may use fragments as a way to express characterization, mood, etc. However, you should use complete sentences when addressing parents, teachers, or people in the business world.

Correcting Sentence Fragments

Fragment

Problem

Sentence

Her sister.

Missing predicate

Her sister discovered the poems in her bureau.

Wrote about her emotions.

Missing subject

This gifted poet wrote about her emotions.

Of meaning.

Missing subject and predicate

Her poems contain many layers of meaning.

FYI: Punctuation at the end of a group of words does not necessarily mean that it is a complete sentence.

Try This: p. 362 #1-4

1. Emily Dickinson lived in Amherst, Massachusetts.

2. At her parents’ home.

3. Few of her poems were published during her lifetime.

Considered one of the greatest American poets.

**ASSESSMENT**

Complete Exercise 3 #5-20 in Writer’s Choice

 

Sentence Variety Test Study Guide

3 ways to punctuate a compound sentence

1. __________________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________________

Independent Clause also called the ____________________________________ clause

Dependent Clause also called the _____________________________________ clause

Dependent Clauses can function in three ways:

1. __________________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________________

What makes a simple sentence? __________________________________________________

Example of a simple sentence ___________________________________________________

What makes a compound sentence? ______________________________________________

Example of a compound sentence ________________________________________________

What makes a complex sentence? ________________________________________________

Example of a complex sentence __________________________________________________

What makes a compound-complex sentence? _______________________________________

Example of a compound-complex sentence _________________________________________

What are the coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)? _________________________________

 

 

Sentence Structure: It’s All in the Family!

     

Simple Sentence:

Consists of one independent clause

One single adult who stands alone; independent.

Ex. Tasha woke up early this morning.

 

     

Compound Sentence:

Consists of two independent clauses; joined by a comma and a conjunction OR a semi-colon

Two adults who stand joined together.

Ex: Tasha woke up early this morning, and she ate breakfast.

 

     

Complex Sentence:

Consists of one independent clause and one dependent clause joined together by a subordinate conjunction.

One single adult who also has a child, a dependent, who needs the adult for completion.

Ex: Because she had a major test today, Tasha woke up early this morning.

 

     

Compound-Complex Sentence:

Consists of two independent clauses and one dependent clause

Two adults, a couple, that also have a child, a dependent, who needs them for completion.

Ex: Because she had a major test today, Tasha woke up early this morning, and she ate breakfast.  

 

 

Compound Complex Sentence Notes

ELA8C1. The student demonstrates understanding and control of the rules of the English language, realizing that usage involves the appropriate application of conventions and grammar in both written and spoken formats. The student

Uses simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences correctly, punctuates properly, and avoids fragments and run-ons.

Revises sentences by correcting errors in usage.

Analyzes the structure of a sentence (basic sentence parts).

How do I identify compound-complex sentences?

What is a complex sentence?

What is the difference between an independent (main) clause and a dependent (subordinate) clause?

B.R.

Write 2 simple sentences (simple subject and predicate) using the same subject.

Ex: Tommy walked the dog. Tommy was home for dinner. 

Now, join them together using the coordinating conjunction and.

Ex: Tommy walked the dog, and he was home for dinner.

What type of sentence is this?

How can we make this into a compound-complex sentence?

In order to write compound-complex sentences, we must understand the difference between independent and dependent clauses.

Partners: Discuss and record the definitions of independent and dependent clauses as discussed in prior lessons. Provide an example of each.

independent clause:

example:

dependent clause:

example:

To write a compound-complex sentence you simply construct a sentence that has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Rewrite your compound sentence from the Bell Ringer activity at the beginning of class with a dependent clause added to the beginning.

Begin your dependent clause with one of the following:

as adjectives

[that, which, who, whom, whose, whoever, what]

as adverbs

[after, although, as, because, before, if, since, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever]

as nouns

[how, however, that, what, whatever, where, whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, why, when]

Example: Although Tommy was stressed for time, he walked the dog, and he was home for dinner.

Write your own compound-complex sentence. Have your partner underline the two independent (main) clauses and circle the dependent clause.

Try This:

Underline the independent clauses and circle the dependent clauses.

1. We enlarged our house, and after we had finished the work, we moved to Hawaii and never returned.

2. The vacation should be restful, but many people take vacations that are never restful.

3. James said that will be enough, and everyone agreed.

4. Dad went fishing, but Mom stayed home because she wanted to be there when Terri arrived.